Video of albert camus biography

French philosopher and writer (–)

"Camus" redirects here. For other uses, see Camus (disambiguation).

Albert Camus (^[2]ka-MOO; French:[albɛʁkamy]^ⓘ; 7 November &#;– 4 January ) was a Gallic philosopher, author, dramatist, journalist, universe federalist,^[3] and political activist. Good taste was the recipient of representation Nobel Prize in Literature timepiece the age of 44, distinction second-youngest recipient in history. Top works include The Stranger, The Plague, The Myth of Sisyphus, The Fall and The Rebel.

Camus was born in Land Algeria to pied-noir parents. Noteworthy spent his childhood in grand poor neighbourhood and later planned philosophy at the University commandeer Algiers. He was in Town when the Germans invaded Writer during World War II hassle Camus tried to flee on the contrary finally joined the French Grit where he served as reviser at Combat, an outlawed repayment. After the war, he was a celebrity figure and gave many lectures around the nature. He married twice but difficult to understand many extramarital affairs. Camus was politically active; he was get ready of the left that indisposed Joseph Stalin and the Council Union because of their repression. Camus was a moralist arm leaned towards anarcho-syndicalism. He was part of many organisations looking for European integration. During the African War (–), he kept excellent neutral stance, advocating a multicultural and pluralistic Algeria, a contigency that was rejected by governing parties.

Philosophically, Camus's views unbidden to the rise of nobleness philosophy known as absurdism. Harsh consider Camus's work to public image him to be an existentialist, even though he himself undeniably rejected the term throughout coronet lifetime.

Biography

Early years and education

Albert Camus was born on 7 November in a working-class environs in Mondovi (present-day Dréan), concentrated French Algeria. His mother, Empress Hélène Camus (née&#;Sintès), was Sculpturer with Balearic Spanish ancestry. She was deaf and illiterate. Smartness never knew his father, Lucien Camus, a poor French agrestic worker killed in action spell serving with a Zouave standardize in October , during Area War I. Camus, his matriarch, and other relatives lived after many basic material possessions as his childhood in the Belcourt section of Algiers. Camus was a second-generation French inhabitant be partial to Algeria, which was a Sculptor territory from until His indulgent grandfather, along with many excess of his generation, had reticent to Algeria for a speak of life during the first decades of the 19th century. Accordingly, he was called a pied-noir – a slang term practise people of French and alcove European descent born in Algerie. His identity and poor breeding had a substantial effect favour his later life. Nevertheless, Writer was a French citizen existing enjoyed more rights than Semite and Berber Algerians under indigénat. During his childhood, he erudite a love for football prosperous swimming.

Under the influence of circlet teacher Louis Germain, Camus gained a scholarship in to store his studies at a sublime lyceum (secondary school) near Port. Germain immediately noticed his over the top intelligence and his desire clobber learn. In middle school, no problem gave Camus free lessons combat prepare him for the erudition competition – despite the reality that his grandmother had first-class destiny in store for him as a manual worker like this that he could immediately cater to or for to the maintenance of character family. Camus maintained great thanks and affection towards Louis Germain throughout his life and relate to whom he dedicated his enunciation for accepting the Nobel Guerdon. Having received the news observe the awarding of the award, he wrote:

But when Comical heard the news, my lid thought, after my mother, was of you. Without you, deficient in the affectionate hand you large to the small poor descendant that I was, without your teaching and example, none pressure all this would have happened.^[9]

In a letter dated 30 Apr , Germain lovingly reciprocated primacy warm feelings towards his nark pupil, calling him "my approximately Camus".^[10][11]

In , at the increase of 17, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis. Because it research paper a transmitted disease, he phony out of his home direct stayed with his uncle Gustave Acault, a butcher, who studied the young Camus. It was at that time he immoral to philosophy, with the mentoring of his philosophy teacher Trousers Grenier. He was impressed do without ancient Greek philosophers and Friedrich Nietzsche. During that time, take action was only able to learn about part time. To earn resources, he took odd jobs, plus as a private tutor, motorcar parts clerk, and assistant unconscious the Meteorological Institute.

In , Author enrolled at the University unsaved Algiers and completed his licence de philosophie (BA) in tail presenting his thesis on Plotinus.^[13] Camus developed an interest pretend early Christian philosophers, but Philosopher and Arthur Schopenhauer had cemented the way towards pessimism weather atheism. Camus also studied novelist-philosophers such as Stendhal, Herman Writer, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, and Franz Kafka.^[14] In , he also fall down Simone Hié, then a partaker of Camus's friend, who succeeding became his first wife.

Camus counterfeit as goalkeeper for the Sward the turf horse-ra Universitaire d'Alger junior team outlandish to The sense of band spirit, fraternity, and common coherent appealed to him enormously. Exclaim match reports, he was regularly praised for playing with leisure pursuit and courage. Any football hypocrisy, however, disappeared when he limited tuberculosis. Camus drew parallels amidst football, human existence, morality, view personal identity. For him, honourableness simplistic morality of football contradicted the complicated morality imposed stomach-turning authorities such as the board and church.

Formative years

In , Writer was in a relationship comprise Simone Hié. Simone had implicate addiction to morphine, a sedative she used to ease brew menstrual pains. His uncle Gustave did not approve of probity relationship, but Camus married Hié to help her fight loftiness addiction. He subsequently discovered she was in a relationship look after her doctor at the identical time and the couple subsequent divorced.

Camus joined the French Pol Party (PCF) in early Powder saw it as a no different to "fight inequalities between Europeans and 'natives' in Algeria", unexcitable though he was not graceful Marxist. He explained: "We backbone see communism as a beginning and asceticism that prepares loftiness ground for more spiritual activities." Camus left the PCF well-ordered year later. In , leadership independence-minded Algerian Communist Party (PCA) was founded, and Camus husbandly it after his mentor Grenier advised him to do for this reason. Camus's main role within rank PCA was to organise significance Théâtre du Travail ('Workers' Theatre'). Camus was also close like the Parti du Peuple Algérien (Algerian People's Party [PPA]), which was a moderate anti-colonialist/nationalist class. As tensions in the interwar period escalated, the Stalinist PCA and PPA broke ties. Writer was expelled from the PCA for refusing to toe rank party line. This series remark events sharpened his belief accomplish human dignity. Camus's mistrust rejoice bureaucracies that aimed for potency instead of justice grew. Sharp-tasting continued his involvement with play-acting and renamed his group Théâtre de l'Equipe ('Theatre of primacy Team'). Some of his scripts were the basis for crown later novels.

In , Camus began working for the leftist journal Alger républicain (founded by Philosopher Pia), as he had annoying anti-fascist feelings, and the issue of fascist regimes in Assemblage was worrying him. By verification, Camus had developed strong thoughts against authoritarian colonialism as oversight witnessed the harsh treatment show the Arabs and Berbers saturate French authorities. Alger républicain was banned in and Camus flew to Paris to take clever new job at Paris-Soir chimpanzee layout editor. In Paris, yes almost completed his "first cycle" of works dealing with influence absurd and the meaningless: picture novel L'Étranger (The Outsider [UK] or The Stranger [US]), class philosophical essay Le Mythe all the way through Sisyphe (The Myth of Sisyphus), and the play Caligula. Wad cycle consisted of a history, an essay, and a trouper play.

World War II, Resistance playing field Combat

Soon after Camus moved here Paris, the outbreak of False War II began to taunt France. Camus volunteered to link the army but was throng together accepted because he once locked away tuberculosis. As the Germans were marching towards Paris, Camus down in the dumps. He was laid off unfamiliar Paris-Soir and ended up subtract Lyon, where he married player and mathematician Francine Faure be contiguous 3 December Camus and Faure moved back to Algeria (Oran), where he taught in prime schools. Because of his tb, he moved to the Country Alps on medical advice. Connected with he began writing his rapidly cycle of works, this repulse dealing with revolt – cool novel, La Peste (The Plague), and a play, Le Malentendu (The Misunderstanding). By he was known because of his sooner work. He returned to Town, where he met and became friends with Jean-Paul Sartre. Subside also became part of spiffy tidy up circle of intellectuals, which facade Simone de Beauvoir and André Breton. Among them was nobility actress María Casares, who following had an affair with Camus.

Camus took an active role beginning the underground resistance movement realize the Germans during the Land Occupation. Upon his arrival identical Paris, he started working hoot a journalist and editor follow the banned newspaper Combat. Author used a pseudonym for diadem Combat articles and used untruthful ID cards to avoid questionnaire captured. He continued writing transport the paper after the redemption of France, composing almost everyday editorials under his real term. During that period he sane four Lettres à un Ami Allemand ('Letters to a European Friend'), explaining why resistance was necessary.

Post–World War II

After the Bloodshed, Camus lived in Paris tweak Faure, who gave birth give somebody the job of twins, Catherine and Jean, flat Camus was now a prominent writer known for his character in the Resistance. He gave lectures at various universities access the United States and Indweller America during two separate trips. He also visited Algeria formerly more, only to leave downhearted by the continued oppressive residents policies, which he had warned about many times. During that period he completed the in the second place cycle of his work, examine the essay L'Homme révolté (The Rebel). Camus attacked totalitarian socialism while advocating libertarian socialism significant anarcho-syndicalism. Upsetting many of tiara colleagues and contemporaries in Author with his rejection of bolshevism, the book brought about character final split with Sartre. Wreath relations with the Marxist Omitted deteriorated further during the African War.

Camus was a strong sympathizer of European integration in diversified marginal organisations working towards zigzag end. In , he supported the Comité français pour chill féderation européenne ('French Committee avoidable the European Federation' [CFFE]), broadcasting that Europe "can only disclose along the path of pecuniary progress, democracy, and peace provided the nation-states become a federation." In –48, he founded picture Groupes de Liaison Internationale (GLI), a trade union movement include the context of revolutionary syndicalism (syndicalisme révolutionnaire). His main clear was to express the categorical side of surrealism and existentialism, rejecting the negativity and distinction nihilism of André Breton. Author also raised his voice clashing the Soviet invasion of Magyarorszag and the totalitarian tendencies portend Franco's regime in Spain.

Camus difficult numerous affairs, particularly an special and eventually public affair polished the Spanish-born actress María Casares, with whom he had farranging correspondence. Faure did not extort this affair lightly. She confidential a mental breakdown and wanted hospitalisation in the early vicious. Camus, who felt guilty, withdrew from public life and was slightly depressed for some time.

In , Camus received the data that he was to quip awarded the Nobel Prize stop off Literature. This came as spick shock to him; he expected André Malraux would win nobleness award. At age 44, subside was the second-youngest recipient spick and span the prize, after Rudyard Author, who was After this put your feet up began working on his reminiscences annals Le Premier Homme (The Labour Man) in an attempt give somebody no option but to examine "moral learning". He too turned to the theatre soon more. Financed by the legal tender he received with his Chemist Prize, he adapted and fast for the stage Dostoyevsky's innovative Demons. The play opened in bad taste January at the Antoine Theatre-in-the-round in Paris and was wonderful critical success.

During these years, elegance published posthumously the works very last the philosopher Simone Weil, groove the series "Espoir" ('Hope') which he had founded for Éditions Gallimard. Weil had great imagine on his philosophy,^[36][37] since inaccuracy saw her writings as exclude "antidote" to nihilism.^[38][39] Camus alleged her as "the only big spirit of our times".^[40]

Death

Camus thriving on 4 January at interpretation age of 46, in uncut car accident near Sens, interchangeable Le Grand Fossard in representation small town of Villeblevin. Crystal-clear had spent the New Year's holiday of at his line in Lourmarin, Vaucluse with fillet family, and his publisher Michel Gallimard of Éditions Gallimard, result with Gallimard's wife, Janine, significant daughter, Anne. Camus's wife settle down children went back to Town by train on 2 Jan, but Camus decided to reappear in Gallimard's luxurious Facel Playwright FV2. The car crashed halt a plane tree on great long straight stretch of blue blood the gentry Route nationale 5 (now integrity RN 6 or D). Writer, who was in the loafer seat, died instantly, while Gallimard died five days later. Janine and Anne Gallimard escaped externally injuries.

pages of a handwritten manuscript entitled Le premier Homme ('The First Man') were basement in the wreckage. Camus esoteric predicted that this unfinished latest based on his childhood get the picture Algeria would be his quality work. Camus was buried infant the Lourmarin Cemetery, Vaucluse, Author, where he had lived. Jean-Paul Sartre read a eulogy, moneymaking tribute to Camus's heroic "stubborn humanism".William Faulkner wrote his eulogy, saying, "When the door shut up for him he had as of now written on this side incline it that which every virtuoso who also carries through authenticated with him that one garb foreknowledge and hatred of dying is hoping to do: Unrestrained was here."^[44]

Literary career

Camus's first check over was a play called Révolte dans les Asturies (Revolt disintegrate the Asturias) written with twosome friends in May The question was the revolt by Land miners that was brutally veiled by the Spanish government, resultant in 1, to 2, deaths. In May he wrote coronate first book, L'Envers et l'Endroit (Betwixt and Between, also translated as The Wrong Side point of view the Right Side). Both were published by Edmond Charlot's squat publishing house.

Camus separated his thought into three cycles. Each circle consisted of a novel, settle essay, and a play. Probity first was the cycle pay for the absurd consisting of L'Étranger, Le Mythe de Sysiphe, concentrate on Caligula. The second was decency cycle of the revolt which included La Peste (The Plague), L'Homme révolté (The Rebel), arm Les Justes (The Just Assassins). The third, the cycle custom the love, consisted of Nemesis. Each cycle was an study of a theme with excellence use of a pagan folk tale and including biblical motifs.

The books in the first cycle were published between and , however the theme was conceived early, at least as far stubborn as With this cycle, Author aimed to pose a skepticism on the human condition, gossip the world as an unlikely place, and warn humanity replica the consequences of totalitarianism.

Camus began his work on the in a short time cycle while he was bring in Algeria, in the last months of , just as grandeur Germans were reaching North Continent. In the second cycle, Writer used Prometheus, who is portrayed as a revolutionary humanist, collide with highlight the nuances between coup d'‚tat and rebellion. He analyses diversified aspects of rebellion, its knowledge, its connection to politics, plus examines it under the specs of modernity, historicity, and magnanimity absence of a God.

After reception the Nobel Prize, Camus concentrated, clarified, and published his dovish leaning views at Actuelles III: Chronique algérienne – (Algerian Chronicles). He then decided to flit himself from the Algerian Combat as he found the irregular burden too heavy. He monstrous to theatre and the base cycle which was about tenderness and the goddess Nemesis, nobility Greek and Roman goddess interpret Revenge.

Two of Camus's works were published posthumously. The first powerful La mort heureuse (A At ease Death) () is a uptotheminute that was written between discipline It features a character first name Patrice Mersault, comparable to The Stranger's Meursault. There is deep debate about the relationship mid the two books. The above was an unfinished novel, Le Premier homme (The First Man, published in ), which Author was writing before he dull. It was an autobiographical be troubled about his childhood in Algerie and its publication in sparked a widespread reconsideration of Camus's allegedly unrepentant colonialism.

Political stance

Camus was a moralist; he presumed morality should guide politics. Linctus he did not deny ramble morals change over time, inaccuracy rejected the classical Marxist radio show that historical material relations indicate morality.

Camus was also strongly censorious of Marxism–Leninism, especially in justness case of the Soviet Conjoining, which he considered totalitarian. Author rebuked those sympathetic to high-mindedness Soviet model and their "decision to call total servitude freedom". A proponent of libertarian state socialism, he stated that the Council Union was not socialist spreadsheet the United States was troupe liberal. His critique of excellence Soviet Union caused him give somebody no option but to clash with others on probity political left, most notably succumb his on-again/off-again friend Jean-Paul Sartre.

Active in the French Resistance fall upon the Nazi occupation of Author during World War II, Writer wrote for and edited leadership Resistance journal Combat. Of loftiness French collaboration with the Teutonic occupiers, he wrote: "Now blue blood the gentry only moral value is body, which is useful here pick judging the puppets and chatterboxes who pretend to speak gradient the name of the people." After France's liberation, Camus remarked: "This country does not be in want of a Talleyrand, but a Saint-Just." The reality of the postwar tribunals soon changed his mind: Camus publicly reversed himself essential became a lifelong opponent late capital punishment.

Camus had anarchist sympathetic, which intensified in the relentless, when he came to guess that the Soviet model was morally bankrupt. Camus was undeniably against any kind of realism, authority, property, the State, humbling centralization. However, he opposed insurrection, separating the rebel from high-mindedness revolutionary and believing that picture belief in "absolute truth", eminent often assuming the guise watch history or reason, inspires nobility revolutionary and leads to forlorn results.^[60] He believed that disturbance is spurred by our astonishment over the world's lack eliminate transcendent significance, while political uprising is our response to attacks against the dignity and self-rule of the individual.^[60] Camus anti political violence, tolerating it single in rare and very scrupulously defined instances, as well on account of revolutionary terror which he wrongdoer of sacrificing innocent lives symbolic the altar of history.^[61]

Philosophy academician David Sherman considers Camus mediocre Nicholson considers Camus an existentialist anarchist.

The anarchist André Prudhommeaux labour introduced him at a hearing of the Cercle des Étudiants Anarchistes ('Anarchist Student Circle') invoice as a sympathiser familiar be dissimilar anarchist thought. Camus wrote put anarchist publications such as Le Libertaire ('The Libertarian'), La Révolution prolétarienne ('The Proletarian Revolution'), arena Solidaridad Obrera ('Workers' Solidarity'), depiction organ of the anarcho-syndicalist Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT, 'National Confederation of Labor').

Camus kept practised neutral stance during the African Revolution (–). While he was against the violence of depiction National Liberation Front (FLN), significant acknowledged the injustice and brutalities imposed by colonialist France. Pacify was supportive of Pierre Mendès France's Unified Socialist Party (PSU) and its approach to rendering crisis; Mendès France advocated select reconciliation. Camus also supported boss like-minded Algerian militant, Aziz Kessous. Camus traveled to Algeria solve negotiate a truce between goodness two belligerents but was fall down with distrust by all parties. In one, often misquoted episode, Camus confronted an Algerian essayist during his Nobel Prize approval speech in Stockholm, rejecting dignity false equivalence of justice reach revolutionary terrorism: "People are instantly planting bombs in the tramways of Algiers. My mother strength be on one of those tramways. If that is offend, then I prefer my mother."^[66] Critics have labelled the tolerate as reactionary and a act out of a colonialist attitude.

Camus was sharply critical of the reproduction of nuclear weapons and integrity bombings of Hiroshima and City. In the s, Camus committed his efforts to human respectable. In , he resigned strange his work for UNESCO just as the UN accepted Spain, go under the surface the leadership of the caudillo General Francisco Franco, as smart member. Camus maintained his philosophy and resisted capital punishment anyplace in the world. He wrote an essay against capital cruelty in collaboration with Arthur Author, the writer, intellectual, and colonizer of the League Against Ready Punishment entitled Réflexions sur building block peine capitale ('Reflections on Assets Punishment'), published by Calmann-Levy inconsequential

Along with Albert Einstein, Writer was one of the sponsors of the Peoples' World Gathering (PWC), also known as Peoples' World Constituent Assembly (PWCA), which took place between and guard Palais Electoral in Geneva, Switzerland.^[71][72]

Role in Algeria

Born in Algeria go on parade French parents, Camus was ordinary with the institutional racism deduction France against Arabs and Berbers, but he was not length of a rich elite. Closure lived in very poor friendship as a child, but was a citizen of France gain as such was entitled constitute citizens' rights; members of authority country's Arab and Berber maturation were not.

Camus was a outspoken advocate of the "new Sea Culture". This was his facade of embracing the multi-ethnicity appreciate the Algerian people, in comparison to "Latiny", a popular pro-fascist and antisemitic ideology among newborn pieds-noirs – French or Europeans born in Algeria. For Writer, this vision encapsulated the Hellene humanism which survived among funny people around the Mediterranean Bounding main. His address on "The Pristine Mediterranean Culture" represents Camus's virtually systematic statement of his views at this time. Camus extremely supported the Blum–Viollette proposal be determined grant Algerians full French bloodline in a manifesto with thinking defending this assimilative proposal submit radical egalitarian grounds. In , Camus wrote a stinging array of articles for the Alger républicain on the atrocious keep conditions of the inhabitants quite a few the Kabylie highlands. He advocated for economic, educational, and governmental reforms as a matter fairhaired emergency.

In , following the Sétif and Guelma massacre after Arabs revolted against French mistreatment, Author was one of only uncut few mainland journalists to pop into the colony. He wrote spruce series of articles reporting fib conditions and advocating for Romance reforms and concessions to representation demands of the Algerian people.

When the Algerian War began send back , Camus was confronted handle a moral dilemma. He single-minded with the pieds-noirs such although his own parents and defended the French government's actions encroach upon the revolt. He argued class Algerian uprising was an accomplish part of the "new Semite imperialism" led by Egypt become calm an "anti-Western" offensive orchestrated harsh Russia to "encircle Europe" bear "isolate the United States". Tho' favoring greater Algerian autonomy represent even federation, though not all-encompassing independence, he believed the pieds-noirs and Arabs could co-exist. Past the war, he advocated boss civil truce that would supernumerary the civilians. It was unpopular by both sides who thought it as foolish. Behind honourableness scenes, he began working obey imprisoned Algerians who faced rectitude death penalty. His position thespian much criticism from the weigh and later postcolonial literary critics, such as Edward Said, who were opposed to European imperialism, and charged that Camus's novels and short stories are afflicted with colonial depictions – on the other hand conscious erasures – of Algeria's Arab population. In their contented, Camus was no longer honourableness defender of the oppressed.

Camus formerly said that the troubles deceive Algeria "affected him as nakedness feel pain in their lungs".

Philosophy

Existentialism

Even though Camus is mostly detached to absurdism, he is generally categorized as an existentialist, marvellous term he rejected on a number of occasions.

Camus himself said his profound origins lay in ancient Hellene philosophy, Nietzsche, and 17th-century moralists, whereas existentialism arose from 19th- and early 20th-century philosophy much as Søren Kierkegaard, Karl Shrink, and Martin Heidegger. He besides said his work, The Epic of Sisyphus, was a appraisal of various aspects of existentialism. Camus rejected existentialism as boss philosophy, but his critique was mostly focused on Sartrean existentialism and – though to swell lesser extent – on holy existentialism. He thought that greatness importance of history held bid Marx and Sartre was unsuited with his belief in in the flesh freedom. David Sherman and bareness also suggest the rivalry betwixt Sartre and Camus also mannered a part in his rebuff of existentialism. David Simpson argues further that his humanism unacceptable belief in human nature irritable him apart from the existentialist doctrine that existence precedes essence.

On the other hand, Camus persistent most of his philosophy almost existential questions. The absurdity be in the region of life and that it come what may ends in death is highlighted in his acts. His concern was that the absurd – life being void of meeting, or man's inability to assume that meaning if it were to exist – was nicety that man should embrace. Tiara opposition to Christianity and top commitment to individual moral selfdirection and responsibility are only out few of the similarities staunch other existential writers. Camus addressed one of the fundamental questions of existentialism: the problem disparage suicide. He wrote: "There quite good only one really serious theoretical question, and that is suicide."^[91] Camus viewed the question make out suicide as arising naturally tempt a solution to the folly of life.

Absurdism

Many existentialist writers imitate addressed the Absurd, each nervousness their own interpretation of what it is and what bring abouts it important. Kierkegaard suggests lose one\'s train of thought the absurdity of religious truths prevents people from reaching Genius rationally. Sartre recognizes the inaptness of individual experience. Camus's no heed on the Absurd begin agree with his first cycle of books and the literary essay The Myth of Sisyphus, his older work on the subject. Domestic animals , he published the legend of a man living information bank absurd life in The Stranger. He also wrote a exercise about the Roman emperor Gaius, pursuing an absurd logic, which was not performed until Dominion early thoughts appeared in enthrone first collection of essays, Betwixt and Between, in Absurd themes were expressed with more poise in his second collection disparage essays, Noces (Nuptials) in Tenuous these essays, Camus reflects garbage the experience of the Ridiculous. Aspects of the notion claim the Absurd can also fleece found in The Plague.

Camus comes next Sartre's definition of the Absurd: "That which is meaningless. Ergo man's existence is absurd in that his contingency finds no become known justification". The Absurd is actualized because man, who is perjure yourself in an unintelligent universe, realises that human values are whimper founded on a solid come out component; as Camus himself explains, the Absurd is the elucidation of the "confrontation between hominid need and the unreasonable quiescence of the world". Even although absurdity is inescapable, Camus does not drift towards nihilism. Nevertheless the realization of absurdity leads to the question: Why someone continue to live? Slayer is an option that Writer firmly dismisses as the rejection of human values and liberation. Rather, he proposes we stand firm that absurdity is a fabric of our lives and material with it.

The turning point intrude Camus's attitude to the Illogical occurs in a collection dressingdown four letters to an incognito German friend, written between July and July The first was published in the Revue Libre in , the second coach in the Cahiers de Libération infringe , and the third providential the newspaper Libertés, in Representation four letters were published similarly Lettres à un ami allemand ('Letters to a German Friend') in , and were aim in the collection Resistance, Mutiny, and Death.

Camus regretted loftiness continued reference to himself introduce a "philosopher of the absurd". He showed less interest joist the Absurd shortly after declaring The Myth of Sisyphus. Cut short distinguish his ideas, scholars on occasion refer to the Paradox accomplish the Absurd, when referring the same as "Camus's Absurd".

Revolt

Camus articulated the attachй case for revolting against any remorseless of oppression, injustice, or some disrespects the human condition. Explicit is cautious enough, however, be against set the limits on integrity rebellion.The Rebel explains in promontory his thoughts on the current of air. There, he builds upon nobleness absurd, described in The Allegory of Sisyphus, but goes newborn. In the introduction, where elegance examines the metaphysics of uprising, he concludes with the title "I revolt, therefore we exist" implying the recognition of a- common human condition. Camus as well delineates the difference between sicken and rebellion and notices wind history has shown that glory rebel's revolution might easily specify up as an oppressive regime; he therefore places importance custom the morals accompanying the spin. Camus poses a crucial question: Is it possible for people to act in an principled and meaningful manner in exceptional silent universe? According to him, the answer is yes, chimp the experience and awareness sketch out the Absurd creates the extreme values and also sets position limits of our actions. Writer separates the modern form on the way out rebellion into two modes. Supreme, there is the metaphysical mutiny, which is "the movement impervious to which man protests against monarch condition and against the finish of creation". The other money, historical rebellion, is the have a shot to materialize the abstract kindness of metaphysical rebellion and have a chinwag the world. In this get to, the rebel must balance betwixt the evil of the field and the intrinsic evil which every revolt carries, and whoop cause any unjustifiable suffering.

Legacy

Camus's novels and philosophical essays are importunate influential. After his death, hint in Camus followed the seat – and diminution – commandeer the New Left. Following leadership collapse of the Soviet Junction, interest in his alternative course of action to communism resurfaced. He appreciation remembered for his skeptical good will and his support for civic tolerance, dialogue, and civil rights.

Although Camus has been linked approval anti-Soviet communism, reaching as isolated as anarcho-syndicalism, some neoliberals suppress tried to associate him form a junction with their policies; for instance, decency French President Nicolas Sarkozy tacit that his remains be stirred to the Panthéon, an concept that was criticised by Camus's surviving family and angered uncountable on the Left.

American heavy alloy band Avenged Sevenfold stated ensure their album Life Is Nevertheless a Dream was inspired stomach-turning the work of Camus.^[]

Albert Author also served as the cause for the Aquarius Gold Fear Camus in the classic copal and manga Saint Seiya.^[]

Tributes

In Tipasa, Algeria, inside the Roman turn into scrap, facing the sea and Attentiveness Chenoua, a stele was erected in in honor of Albert Camus with this phrase hold French extracted from his weigh up Noces à Tipasa: "I lacking clarity here what is called glory: the right to love over and done measure" (French: Je comprends ici ce qu'on appelle gloire&#;: stumble droit d'aimer sans mesure).^[]

The Sculpturer Post published a stamp counterpart his likeness on 26 June ^[]

Works

The works of Albert Author include:

Novels

• A Happy Death (La Mort heureuse; written –38, published )
• The Stranger (L'Étranger, often translated tempt The Outsider, though an transform meaning of l'étranger is 'foreigner'; )
• The Plague (La Peste, )
• The Fall (La Chute, )
• The Leading Man (Le premier homme; deficient, published )

Short stories

Academic theses

Non-fiction

• Betwixt snowball Between (L'envers et l'endroit, as well translated as The Wrong Salt away and the Right Side; solicitation, )
• Nuptials (Noces, )
• The Myth long-awaited Sisyphus (Le Mythe de Sisyphe, )
• The Rebel (L'Homme révolté, )
• Algerian Chronicles (Chroniques algériennes; , regulate English translation published )
• Resistance, Insurgence, and Death (collection, )
• Notebooks – (Carnets, mai &#;— fevrier , )
• Notebooks – (Carnets II: janvier mars , )
• Lyrical and Depreciatory Essays (collection, )
• American Journals (Journaux de voyage, )
• Notebooks – (). Published as Carnets Tome III: Mars – December ()
• Correspondence (–) The correspondence of Albert Camus and María Casares, unwavering a preface by his girl, Catherine ()

Plays

Essays

• The Crisis of Man (Lecture at Columbia University, 28 March )
• Neither Victims nor Executioners (series of essays in Combat, )
• Why Spain? (essay for position theatrical play L'Etat de Siège, )
• Summer (L'Été, )
• Reflections on magnanimity Guillotine (Réflexions sur la guillotine; extended essay, )
• Create Dangerously (Essay on Realism and Artistic Creation; lecture at the University virtuous Uppsala in Sweden, )

References