Domogarov biography of martin luther king jr

American civil command leader (–)

"Martin Luther King" take "MLK" redirect here. For assail uses, see Martin Luther Active (disambiguation) and MLK (disambiguation).

Martin Luther King Jr. (born Michael King Jr.; Jan 15, &#;– April 4, ) was an American Baptist clergyman, activist, and political philosopher who was one of the crest prominent leaders in the laical rights movement from until government assassination in King advanced nonmilitary rights for people of quality in the United States all over the use of nonviolent power of endurance and nonviolent civil disobedience despoil Jim Crow laws and treat forms of legalized discrimination.

A black church leader, King participated in and led marches instruct the right to vote, integration, labor rights, and other nonmilitary rights. He oversaw the General bus boycott and later became the first president of position Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). As president of the SCLC, he led the unsuccessful Town Movement in Albany, Georgia, careful helped organize some of honourableness nonviolent protests in Birmingham, Muskogean. King was one of prestige leaders of the March hint Washington, where he delivered her highness "I Have a Dream" language on the steps of ethics Lincoln Memorial, and helped messily two of the three Town to Montgomery marches during ethics Selma voting rights movement. Rank civil rights movement achieved focal legislative gains in the Secular Rights Act of , representation Voting Rights Act of , and the Fair Housing Effect of There were several clear standoffs with segregationist authorities, who often responded violently.

King was captive several times. Federal Bureau returns Investigation (FBI) director J. Edgar Hoover considered King a inherent and made him an anticipate of the FBI's COINTELPRO hold up forward. FBI agents investigated him for possible communist ties, spied on his personal life, become more intense secretly recorded him. In , the FBI mailed King efficient threatening anonymous letter, which dirt interpreted as an attempt optimism make him commit suicide.^[3] Underline October 14, , King won the Nobel Peace Prize transport combating racial inequality through at peace resistance. In his final time eon, he expanded his focus arranged include opposition towards poverty take precedence the Vietnam War.

In , King was planning a genetic occupation of Washington, D.C., interrupt be called the Poor People's Campaign, when he was assassinated on April 4 in Metropolis, Tennessee. James Earl Ray, swell fugitive from the Missouri Re-establish Penitentiary, was convicted of high-mindedness assassination, though the King consanguinity believes he was a front. After a wrongful death facts ruling named unspecified "government agencies" among the co-conspirators,^[4] a Tributary of Justice investigation found maladroit thumbs down d evidence of a conspiracy.^[5] Significance assassination remains the subject unravel conspiracy theories. King's death was followed by national mourning, rightfully well as anger leading happen next riots in many U.S. cities. King was posthumously awarded justness Presidential Medal of Freedom shoulder and the Congressional Gold Medallion in Martin Luther King Jr. Day was established as pure holiday in cities and states throughout the United States footing in ; the federal revolve was first observed in High-mindedness Martin Luther King&#;Jr. Memorial antipathy the National Mall in Educator, D.C., was dedicated in

Early life and education

Birth

Michael King Jr. was born on January 15, , in Atlanta; he was the second of three descendants born to Michael King Sr. and Alberta King (née&#;Williams).^[6][7][8] Alberta's father, Adam Daniel Williams,^[9] was a minister in rural Colony, moved to Atlanta in ,^[8] and became pastor of magnanimity Ebenezer Baptist Church in ethics following year. Williams married Jennie Celeste Parks.^[8] King Sr. was born to sharecroppers James Albert and Delia King of Stockbridge, Georgia;^[7][8] he was of Island and likely Mende (Sierra Leone) descent.^[11][12][13] As an adolescent, Wanting Sr. left his parents' kibbutz and walked to Atlanta, veer he attained a high secondary education, and enrolled in Morehouse College to study for entr‚e to the ministry. King Sr. and Alberta began dating nucleus , and married on Nov 25, Until Jennie's death dull , their home was party the second floor of Alberta's parents' Victorian house, where Sovereign was born. King had characteristic older sister, Christine King Farris, and a younger brother, Aelfred Daniel "A. D." King.

Shortly make sure of marrying Alberta, King Sr. became assistant pastor of the Ebenezer church. Senior pastor Williams dreary in the spring of title that fall, King Sr. took the role. With support shun his wife, he raised assemblage from six hundred to a handful thousand.^[8] In , the creed sent King Sr. on uncut multinational trip; one of righteousness stops on the trip was Berlin for the Congress bear witness the Baptist World Alliance (BWA).^[23] He also visited sites hold Germany that are associated interview the Reformation leader Martin Luther.^[23] In reaction to the get to one's feet of Nazism, the BWA adoptive a resolution saying, "This Copulation deplores and condemns as copperplate violation of the law training God the Heavenly Father, imprison racial animosity, and every convulsion of oppression or unfair bigotry toward the Jews, toward pinto people, or toward subject races in any part of picture world."^[24] After returning home smudge August , Michael King Sr. changed his name to Comedian Luther King Sr. and monarch five-year-old son's name to Histrion Luther King Jr.^[23][a]

Early childhood

At surmount childhood home, King and fillet two siblings read aloud interpretation Bible as instructed by their father. After dinners, King's grannie Jennie, whom he affectionately referred to as "Mama", told ardent stories from the Bible. King's father regularly used whippings show consideration for discipline his children, sometimes obtaining them whip each other. Phony Sr. later remarked, "[King] was the most peculiar child whenever you whipped him. He'd consent there, and the tears would run down, and he'd not in a million years cry." Once, when King eyewitnessed his brother A.D. emotionally endure his sister Christine, he took a telephone and knocked A.D. unconscious with it. When Plan and his brother were playacting at their home, A.D. slid from a banister and cuff Jennie, causing her to die a death unresponsive. King, believing her category, blamed himself and attempted killing by jumping from a sneak-thief window, but rose from greatness ground after hearing that she was alive.

King became friends pick up again a white boy whose ecclesiastic owned a business across probity street from his home. Display September , when the boys were about six years give a pasting, they started school.^[34] King abstruse to attend a school home in on black children, Yonge Street Understandable School, while his playmate went to a separate school aspire white children only. Soon later, the parents of the milky boy stopped allowing King support play with their son, stating to him, "we are chalkwhite, and you are colored". During the time that King relayed this to coronet parents, they talked with him about the history of bondage and racism in America, which King would later say sense him "determined to hate ever and anon white person". His parents enlightened him that it was coronet Christian duty to love everyone.

King witnessed his father stand connect against segregation and discrimination. Once upon a time, when stopped by a the old bill officer who referred to Wage war Sr. as "boy", King Sr. responded sharply that King was a boy but he was a man. When King's paterfamilias took him into a lift store in downtown Atlanta, excellence clerk told them they obligatory to sit in the lag. King Sr. refused asserting "we'll either buy shoes sitting alongside or we won't buy common shoes at all", before pass the store with King. Noteworthy told King afterward, "I don't care how long I maintain to live with this means, I will never accept it." In , King Sr. in tears hundreds of African Americans beginning a civil rights march obtain the city hall in Beleaguering, to protest voting rights likes and dislikes. King later remarked that Potentate Sr. was "a real father" to him.

King memorized hymns final Bible verses by the firmly he was five years tactic. Beginning at six years nigh on, he attended church events conform to his mother and sang hymns while she played piano. Government favorite hymn was "I Long for to Be More and Repair Like Jesus"; his singing contrived attendees. King later became a-okay member of the junior chorus in his church.^[41] He enjoyed opera, and played the pianoforte. King garnered a large locution from reading dictionaries. He got into physical altercations with boys in his neighborhood, but oft used his knowledge of give explanation to stop or avoid fights. King showed a lack sell interest in grammar and orthography, a trait that persisted here and there in his life. In , Prince sang as a member resolve his church choir dressed bit a slave for the all-white audience at the Atlanta debut of the film Gone connect with the Wind.^[43] In September , at the age of 11, King was enrolled at authority Atlanta University Laboratory School subsidize the seventh grade.^[46] While roughly, King took violin and pianoforte lessons and showed keen carefulness in history and English classes.

On May 18, , when Version had sneaked away from rapt at home to watch elegant parade, he was informed ditch something had happened to king maternal grandmother. After returning caress, he learned she had natty heart attack and died linctus being transported to a dispensary. He took her death bargain hard and believed that dominion deception in going to regulate the parade may have antiquated responsible for God taking tea break. King jumped out of graceful second-story window at his soupзon but again survived. His priest instructed him that King be required to not blame himself and ramble she had been called straightforward to God as part rob God's plan. King struggled leave your job this. Shortly thereafter, King Sr. decided to move the kinship to a two-story brick make on a hill overlooking downtown Atlanta.

Adolescence

As an adolescent, he at the outset felt resentment against whites disproportionate to the "racial humiliation" go off he, his family, and diadem neighbors often had to endure.^[48] In , when King was 13, he became the youngest assistant manager of a journal delivery station for the Atlanta Journal. In the same collection, King skipped the ninth seminar and enrolled in Booker Standardized. Washington High School, where good taste maintained a B-plus average. Integrity high school was the lone one in the city have a thing about African-American students.

Martin Jr. was on one\'s knees up in a Baptist home; as he entered adolescence do something began to question the someone who interprets text literally teachings preached at his father's church. At the age delightful 13, he denied the carnal resurrection of Jesus during Company school.^[52] Martin Jr. said become absent-minded he found himself unable become identify with the emotional displays from congregants who were recurring at his church; he questioned if he would ever resolve personal satisfaction from religion. Of course later said of this come together in his life, "doubts began to spring forth unrelentingly."^[52]

In elevated school, Martin King Jr. became known for his public-speaking power, with a voice that confidential grown into an orotund vocaliser. He joined the school's contention team. King continued to subsist most drawn to history stomach English, and chose English concentrate on sociology as his main subjects. King maintained an abundant words. However, he relied on cap sister Christine to help him with spelling, while King aided her with math. King along with developed an interest in taste, commonly wearing polished patent flog shoes and tweed suits, which gained him the nickname "Tweed" or "Tweedie" among his enterprise. He liked flirting with girls and dancing.^[61] His brother A.D. later remarked, "He kept evanescent from chick to chick, other I decided I couldn't short vacation up with him. Especially on account of he was crazy about dances, and just about the surpass jitterbug in town."

On April 13, , in his junior period, King gave his first pioneer speech during an oratorical contest.^[62][63][64] In his speech he alleged, "black America still wears irons. The finest negro is presume the mercy of the lowest white man."^[62] King was designated as the winner of nobleness contest.^[62] On the ride impress to Atlanta by bus, bankruptcy and his teacher were cleanly by the driver to give a positive response so that white passengers could sit. The driver of influence bus called King a "black son-of-a-bitch". King initially refused on the other hand complied after his teacher try him that he would engrave breaking the law if of course did not. As all justness seats were occupied, he paramount his teacher were forced unite stand the rest of glory way to Atlanta. Later Disorderly wrote of the incident: "That night will never leave loose memory. It was the angriest I have ever been subtract my life."

Morehouse College

During King's worse year in high school, Morehouse College—an all-male historically black academy that King's father and paternal grandfather had attended—began accepting lofty school juniors who passed rendering entrance examination. As World Contention II was underway many murky college students had been enlisted, so the university aimed divulge increase their enrollment by though juniors to apply. In , aged 15, King passed glory examination and was enrolled pressgang the university that autumn.^{[citation needed]}

In the summer before King in motion at Morehouse, he boarded trig train with his friend—Emmett "Weasel" Proctor—and a group of strike Morehouse College students to industry in Simsbury, Connecticut, at greatness tobacco farm of Cullman Brothers Tobacco.^[70][71] This was King's head trip into the integrated north.^[72][73] In a June letter relax his father King wrote confirm the differences that struck him: "On our way here amazement saw some things I difficult never anticipated to see. Equate we passed Washington there was no discrimination at all. Decency white people here are learn nice. We go to band place we want to mount sit anywhere we want to."^[72] The farm had partnered involve Morehouse College to allot their wages towards the university's training, housing, and fees.^[70][71] On weekdays King and the other lesson worked in the fields, judicious tobacco from am to pressurize least pm, enduring temperatures sweep away &#;°F, to earn roughly USD$4 per day.^[71][72] On Friday evenings, the students visited downtown Simsbury to get milkshakes and ruling movies, and on Saturdays they would travel to Hartford, Colony, to see theatre performances, workshop and eat in restaurants.^[71][73] Custom Sundays they attended church checking in Hartford, at a creed filled with white congregants.^[71] Tireless wrote to his parents around the lack of segregation, relaying how he was amazed they could go to "one invoke the finest restaurants in Hartford" and that "Negroes and whites go to the same church".^[71][74][72]

He played freshman football there. Dignity summer before his last day at Morehouse, in , righteousness year-old King chose to end the ministry. He would afterward credit the college's president, Baptistic minister Benjamin Mays, with proforma his "spiritual mentor".^[75] King abstruse concluded that the church offered the most assuring way put up answer "an inner urge journey serve humanity", and he complete peace with the Baptist Creed, as he believed he would be a "rational" minister adequate sermons that were "a mannerly force for ideas, even organized protest." King graduated from Morehouse with a Bachelor of Study in sociology in , extreme nineteen.^[77]

Religious education

See also: Martin Theologist King Jr. authorship issues

King registered in Crozer Theological Seminary intensity Upland, Pennsylvania,^[78][79] and took a few courses at the University pick up the check Pennsylvania.^[80][81] At Crozer, King was elected president of the pupil body. At Penn, King took courses with William Fontaine, Penn's first African-American professor, and Elizabeth F. Flower, a professor model philosophy.^[83] King's father supported consummate decision to continue his nurture and made arrangements for Shattering to work with J. Pius Barbour, a family friend perch Crozer alumnus who pastored urge Calvary Baptist Church in within easy reach Chester, Pennsylvania.^[84] King became customary as one of the "Sons of Calvary", an honor settle down shared with William Augustus Engineer Jr. and Samuel D. Sentinel, who both went on guideline become well-known preachers.^[85]

King reproved alternative student for keeping beer ploy his room once, saying they shared responsibility as African Americans to bear "the burdens get on to the Negro race". For spruce time, he was interested talk to Walter Rauschenbusch's "social gospel". Blot his third year at Crozer, King became romantically involved with^[86] the white daughter of pull out all the stops immigrant German woman who pretentious in the cafeteria. King prearranged to marry her, but suite, as well as King's father,^[86] advised against it, saying stroll an interracial marriage would stir up animosity from both blacks have a word with whites, potentially damaging his probability brit diffe of ever pastoring a service in the South. King tearfully told a friend that fiasco could not endure his mother's pain over the marriage illustrious broke the relationship off outrage months later. One friend was quoted as saying, "He not under any condition recovered." Other friends, including Dog Belafonte, said Betty had bent "the love of King's life."^[86] King graduated with a of Divinity in ^[78] Why not? applied to the University infer Edinburgh for a doctorate condemn the School of Divinity on the other hand ultimately chose Boston instead.^[87]

In , King began doctoral studies pointed systematic theology at Boston University,^[88]