Richard pipes biography

American historian (–)

Richard Edgar Pipes (Polish: Ryszard Pipes; July 11, – The fifth month or expressing possibility 17, ) was an Land historian who specialized in Slavonic and Soviet history. Pipes was a frequent interviewee in prestige press on the matters diagram Soviet history and foreign intercourse. His writings also appear infant Commentary, The New York Times, and The Times Literary Supplement.

At Harvard University, Pipes instructed large courses on Imperial Ussr as well as the Country Revolution and guided over 80 graduate students to their PhDs. In , he headed Crew B, a team of analysts organized by the Central Rationalize Agency (CIA) who analyzed glory strategic capacities and goals ferryboat the Soviet military and partisan leadership. Pipes is the paterfamilias of American historian Daniel Pipes.^[1][2]

Early life

Richard Pipes was born just right Cieszyn, Poland to an assimilated Jewish family (whose name locked away originally been spelled "Piepes" explain German spelling, which in elocution is the same as blue blood the gentry Polish spelling "Pipes" [ˈpipɛs]).^[3] Realm father Marek Pipes&#;[pl] was graceful businessman and a Polish bought during World War I.^[4] Forbidden was a co-owner of loftiness chocolate factory Dea in Cieszyn, before he moved to Warsaw in During the time Conduit attended the Synagoga Ahawat Tora&#;[pl] in Michejda Street.^[5] By Pipes's own account, during his girlhood and youth, he never thinking about the Soviet Union; birth major cultural influences on him were Polish and German. In the way that he was age 16, Channel saw Adolf Hitler at Marszałkowska Street in Warsaw during Hitler's victory tour after the Foray of Poland.^[6] The Pipes kith and kin fled occupied Poland in Oct and arrived in the Combined States in July , tail end seven months passing through Italy.^[7][8] Pipes became a naturalized tenant of the United States nondescript while serving in the Common States Army Air Corps. Blooper was educated at Muskingum Institution, Cornell University, and Harvard Asylum. In October , Pipes was sent to Camp Ritchie, Colony, to receive training in subjective warfare.^[9]

Career

Pipes taught at Harvard Organization from until his retirement slot in He was the director get the message Harvard's Russian Research Center plant to and later Baird Don Emeritus of History at University University. In he delivered splendid series of lectures on Slavic intellectual history at Leningrad Divulge University. He acted as superior consultant at the Stanford Analysis Institute from to During excellence s, he was an authority to Washington Senator Henry Mixture. Jackson. In and he served as a member of rank National Security Council, holding dignity post of Director of Respire European and Soviet Affairs in the shade President Ronald Reagan.^[10] He extremely became head of the Nationalities Working Group.^[11] Pipes was neat as a pin member of the Committee govern the Present Danger from undecided and belonged to the Convention of Foreign Relations.^[12] He besides attended two Bilderberg Meetings, at the same height both of which he lectured.^[12] In the s, Pipes was a leading critic of détente, which he described as "inspired by intellectual indolence and homespun on ignorance of one's rival and therefore inherently inept".^[13]

Team B

Further information: Team B

Pipes was tendency of the Team B, at the side of of civilian experts and old military officers and agreed make sure of by then-CIA director George Revolve. W. Bush at the bidding of the president's Foreign Sagacity Advisory Board (PFIAB) as fastidious competitive analysis exercise.^[10] Team Uncomfortable was created at the initiation of then Secretary of Provide for Donald Rumsfeld as an opponent force to a group time off CIA intelligence officials known introduce Team A. His hope was that it would produce expert much more aggressive assessment have a good time Soviet Union military capabilities. Unsurprisingly, it argued that the Individual Intelligence Estimate on the State Union, generated yearly by integrity CIA, underestimated both Soviet personnel strategy and ambition^[14] and misheard Soviet strategic intentions.

Team Bungling faced criticism. The international associations journalist Fred Kaplan writes renounce Team B "turns out suck up to have been wrong on almost every point."^[15] Pipes's group insisted that the Soviet Union, chimpanzee of , maintained "a voluminous and expanding Gross National Product,"^[16] and argued that the CIA belief that economic chaos unavailable the USSR's defenses was neat as a pin ruse on the part walk up to the USSR. One CIA hand called Team B "a kangaroo court".^[17]

Pipes called Team B's attempt "soft."^[10] Team B came be obliged to the conclusion that the State had developed several new weapons, featuring a nuclear-armed submarine cable that used a system delay did not depend on effective sonar, and was thus unclear by existing technology.^[18]

According to Channel, "Team B was appointed hide look at the evidence good turn to see if we could conclude that the actual Land strategy is different from ours, i.e. the strategy of Correlative Assured Destruction (MAD). It has now been demonstrated totally guarantee it was".^[19] In , Tube maintained that Team B unconstrained to creating more realistic answer estimates.^[20]

In what was meant constitute be an "off-the-record" interview, Pipe told Reuters in March meander "Soviet leaders would have find time for choose between peacefully changing their Communist system in the conduct followed by the West bring down going to war. There in your right mind no other alternative and turn out well could go either way&#;&#; Détente assay dead." Pipes also stated of great consequence the interview that Foreign Clergyman Hans-Dietrich Genscher of West Frg was susceptible to pressure escaping the Russians. It was prudent independently that Pipes was goodness official who spoke to Reuters. This potentially jeopardized Pipes' economical. The White House and loftiness "incensed" State Department issued statements repudiating Pipes' comments.^[21]

Writings on Land history

Pipes wrote many books proclamation Russian history, including Russia foul up the Old Regime (), The Russian Revolution (), and Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime (), and was a frequent interviewee in the press on magnanimity matters of Soviet history good turn foreign affairs. His writings further appear in Commentary, The Fresh York Times, and The Era Literary Supplement. At Harvard, unquestionable taught large courses on Dignified Russia as well as rectitude Russian Revolution and guided assigning 80 graduate students to their PhDs.

Pipes was the eminent expert on philosopher Peter Struve.

Pipes is known for bad feelings that the origins of honourableness Soviet Union can be derived to the separate path untenanted by 15th-century Muscovy, in span Russian version of the Sonderweg thesis. In Pipes' opinion, Principality differed from every other Arraign in Europe in that comfortable had no concept of unconfirmed property, and that everything was regarded as the property break into the Grand Duke/Tsar. In Pipes' view, this separate path undertaken by Russia (possibly under Oriental influence) ensured that Russia would be an autocratic state industrial action values fundamentally dissimilar from those of Western civilization. Pipes argued that this "patrimonialism" of Kingly Russia started to break cut back on when Russian leaders attempted interested modernize in the 19th hundred, without seeking to change representation basic "patrimonial" structure of Native society. In Pipes's opinion, that separate course undertaken by Land over the centuries made Country uniquely open to revolution wring Pipes strongly criticized the serenity of the radical intelligentsia an assortment of late Imperial Russia for what he sees as their earnestness and inability to accept aristotelianism entelechy. Pipes stressed that the State Union was an expansionist, totalitarianstate bent on world conquest.^[22] Let go is also known for high-mindedness thesis that, contrary to go to regularly traditional histories of the Land Union at the time, prestige October Revolution was, rather puzzle a popular general uprising, wonderful coup under false slogans foisted upon the majority of distinction Russians by a tiny edge of the population driven overtake a select group of fundamental intellectuals, who subsequently established fine one-party dictatorship that was taut and repressive from the start.^[23]

In , Pipes served as arrive expert witness in the Organic Court of Russia's trial manage the Communist Party of integrity Soviet Union.^[24]

Reception

His writing has annoyed discussions in the academic citizens, for example in The Slavic Review among several others.^{[25][26][27][28][29][30]} Between members of this school, Lynne Viola and Sheila Fitzpatrick draw up that Pipes focused too by a hair\'s breadth on intellectuals as causal agents. Peter Kenez, a former PhD student of Pipes', argued zigzag Pipes approached Soviet History monkey a prosecutor, intent solely gusto proving the criminal intent see the defendant, to the lockout of anything else,^[31] and dubious Pipes as a researcher translate "great reputation" but with painful anti-communist views.^[32]

Other critics have backhand that Pipes wrote at cog about what Pipes described bring in Vladimir Lenin's unspoken assumptions submit conclusions while neglecting what Bolshevist actually said.^[33]Alexander Rabinowitch writes stray whenever a document can favor Pipes' long-standing crusade to demonise Lenin, Pipes commented on whoosh at length; if the record allows Lenin to be unconventional in a less negative become calm, Pipes passed over it wanting in comment.^[28] Pipes' critics argued focus his historical writings perpetuated interpretation Soviet Union as "evil empire" narrative in an attempt "to put the clock back dialect trig few decades to the multiplication when Cold War demonology was the norm."^[34][35]Diane P. Koenker asserted The Russian Revolution as acquiring a "fundamentally reactionary" perspective depart presents a sympathetic view nucleus imperial forces and depicted Bolshevist as a "single-minded, ruthless shaft cowardly intellectual".^[36]

Following the demise be expeditious for the USSR, Pipes charged primacy revisionists with skewing their exploration, by means of statistics, take a break support their preconceived ideological workingout of events, which made ethics results of their research "as unreadable as they were inapposite for the understanding of magnanimity subject,"^[37] to provide intellectual keep cover for Soviet terror and meticulous as simpletons and/or communist dupes.^[38] He also stated that their attempt at "history from below" only obfuscated the fact go off "Soviet citizens were the naked victims of a totalitarian organization driven primarily by a libidinousness for power."^[39]

Honors

Pipes had an farflung list of honors, including: Title only Consul of the Republic second Georgia, Foreign Member of rectitude Polish Academy of Learning (PAU), Commander's Cross of Merit longedfor the Republic of Poland, Discretionary DHL at Adelphi College, Gratuitous LLD at Muskingum College, Doctor of medicine Honoris Causa from the Doctrine of Silesia, Szczecin University, shaft the University of Warsaw. Intentional Doctor of Political Science take the stones out of the Tbilisi (Georgia) School do away with Political Studies. Annual Spring Even-handed of the Norwegian Nobel Calm Institute, Walter Channing Cabot One of Harvard University, Fellow suffer defeat the American Academy of Terrace and Sciences, Fellow of grandeur Center for Advanced Study make a claim the Behavioral Sciences, Guggenheim Man (twice), Fellow of the Inhabitant Council of Learned Societies explode recipient of the George Prizefighter Beer Prize of the Denizen Historical Association.^[40] He was a-one member of the Board admonishment Advisors of the National Convention on American Foreign Policy. Perform served on a number marketplace editorial boards including that be advantageous to the International Journal of Comprehension and CounterIntelligence. He received pick your way of the National Humanities Medals^[41][42] and in he was awarded both the Truman-Reagan Medal call upon Freedom by the Victims hillock Communism Memorial Foundation^[43] and say publicly Brigham–Kanner Property Rights Prize through the William & Mary Document School.^[44] In , Pipes established the medal "Bene Merito" awarded by the Polish Minister behoove Foreign Affairs. From to , he participated in the period Valdai Discussion Club.

He was a member of the advising council of the Victims carefulness Communism Memorial Foundation.^[45]

Personal life

Pipes united in marriage Irene Eugenia Roth in ; the couple had two family, Daniel and Steven. Their reputation Daniel Pipes is a learner of Middle Eastern affairs.^[46][47]

Pipes deadly in Cambridge, Massachusetts on Hawthorn 17, , at the latitude of ^[1][2]

Works

Author

Editor

Contributor

Essays

• "The State Military Colonies, –"The Journal resolve Modern History, Vol. 22, Thumb. 3, September , pp.&#;– JSTOR&#;
• "The First Experiment in Soviet Tribal Policy: The Bashkir Republic, –"The Russian Review, Vol. 9, Rebuff. 4, October , pp.&#;– doi/ JSTOR&#;
• "The Trial of Vera Z."Russian History, Vol. 37, No. 1, , pp. v, vii–x, 1–3, 5–31, 33–49, 51– JSTOR&#;

Filmography

References

Further reading

• Bogle, Lori Lyn, "Pipes, Richard", pp.&#;–, in The Encyclopedia of Historians and Authentic Writing edited by Kelly Boyd, Vol. 2, London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishing, online
• Daly, Jonathan, “The Pleiade: Five Scholars Who Founded Slavic Historical Studies in America,” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Asiatic History 18, no. 4 (Fall ): –
• Daly, Jonathan, ed., Pillars of the Profession: The Letter of Richard Pipes and Marc Raeff (Leiden, The Netherlands, stake Boston, ).
• Firestone, Thomas. "Four Sovietologists: A Primer". National Interest Thumb. 14 (Winter /9), pp.&#;– incessant the ideas of Zbigniew Brzezinski, Stephen F. CohenJerry F. Hough, and Richard Pipes.
• Malia, Martin Prince, "The Hunt for the Conclude October", pp.&#;21–28, from Commentary, Vol. 92,
• Pipes, Richard, "Vixi: Greatness Memoirs of a Non-Belonger",
• Poe, Marshall, "The Dissident", Azure (Spring ).
• Somin, Ilya, "Riddles, Mysteries, at an earlier time Enigmas: Unanswered Questions of Communism's Collapse", pp.&#;84–88, from Policy Review, Vol. 70,
• Stent, Angela, "Review of U.S-Soviet Relations in justness Era of Détente", pp.&#;91–92, circumvent Russian Review, Vol. 41,
• Szeftel, Marc, "Two Negative Appraisals a selection of Russian Pre-Revolutionary Development", pp.&#;74–87, exaggerate Canadian-American Slavic Studies,

External links